过去分词的用法(过去分词的五种用法)
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语法回顾
一、现在分词作状语的用法
1. 现在分词作状语可以表示时间、原因、条件、结果、方式或伴随等。现在分词作状语时,现在分词的逻辑主语通常与句子的主语一致,且现在分词与句子主语之间为逻辑上的主动关系;当逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时,现在分词应有自己的主语,此时构成独立主格结构。
2. 现在分词的一般式和完成式:
【注意】现在分词的一般式作状语时,表示分词动作正在进行或与谓语动词的动作几乎同时发生;现在分词的完成式作状语时,表示分词动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前。例如:
a. The students walked into the classroom, talking and laughing.
b. Having finished his work, the man went back home.
3. 有时,为使现在分词作状语时表达的意思更加明确,可以在现在分词前加上适当的连词(when, if, though, unless, because等)。如果这些连词后的分词是being或含有being,则being常常省略。例如:
a. If paying more attention, you will make fewer mistakes.
b. When (being) alone, Linda will think of the past.
二、过去分词的用法
过去分词作表语
过去分词作表语时,主要用在be动词或系动词之后,往往表示主语的状态或状况。例如:
a. All her hope is gone.
b. I'm satisfied with my present job.
【注意】过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别:过去分词作表语,主要强调的是主语的状态,而被动语态主要强调的是动作。例如:
a. The cup was broken.
b. The cup was broken by Tom.
过去分词作定语
单个过去分词作定语,常放在被修饰词之前;过去分词短语作定语,常放在被修饰词之后,往往可以用定语从句替换。但在如下情况中,单个过去分词可用作后置定语:
1. 表示对比或强调。例如:
Money spent is more than money earned.
2. 被修饰词前有形容词最高级或是all, those, one等代词时。例如:
Those suspected must stay here.
过去分词作宾语补足语
过去分词作宾语补足语,一般表示被动或完成的意义。能接过去分词作宾语补足语的几种动词:
1. 表示感觉、感官、意愿的动词。如:see, watch, observe, hear, feel, want, wish等。例如:
a. When I was wandering in the street, I heard my name called.
b. I want my car washed since it looks so dirty.
2. 表示“致使”意义的动词。如:have, make, get, keep, leave等。例如:
Leo managed to get his work finished before dark.
此外,在with的复合结构中也可用过去分词。例如:
With the math problem solved, the little boy went to sleep.
过去分词作状语
1. 过去分词作状语,可表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随等。例如:
Seen from the top of the mountain, the city looks more beautiful.
2. 过去分词作状语时,其逻辑主语通常与句子的主语一致,过去分词与主语之间是逻辑上的动宾关系。部分过去分词来源于系表结构,作状语时不表示被动,而表示状态。例如:
Judy lay on the sofa, absorbed in her book.
3. 过去分词作状语时,有时可根据需要加上适当的连词(when, while, until, once, if, unless, though等),构成“连词 + 过去分词”结构作状语。例如:
Though invited, I won't go to Linda's wedding.
目标训练
根据汉语意思,补全下列句子(每空一词)。
1. 花在智力上的钱永远也不会徒劳无益。
Money_______on the brain is never spent in vain.
2. 汤姆站在那座被废弃的房子外,陷入沉思。
Tom stood outside the______house, _____ _____ _____.
3. 那位作家突然去世了,留下那部小说还未完成。
The writer died all of a sudden, _____ ______ ______ ______.
4. 那个年轻人手被绑着被带进了大厅。
The young man was taken to the hall, with _____ ______ ______ ______.
5. 在山里迷了路,那三个男孩不得不给警察打电话。
_______ _______in the mountains, the three boys had to call the police.
6. 受那次成功的极大鼓舞,他们决定扩大经营。
______ ______ by the success, they decided to expand the business.
7. 天气允许的话,我们可以这个周末去爬黄山。
______ ______, we can go to climb the Yellow Mountain this weekend.
8. 乔安妮送给我的那个包上面印着一朵大红花,看起来很漂亮。
With a big red flower _______ on it, the bag Joanne gave me looks very beautiful.
9. 托尼没告诉他妈妈真相,因此避免了被她责备。
______ _____ ______his mother the truth, Tony escaped being blamed by her.
10. 一般说来,男孩子对这种活动的兴趣比女孩子大。
Generally speaking, boys ______ ______ _____ ______ such activities than girls.